Cannabis sativa strains is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to Eastern Asia, but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation.^[1] It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.^[2] The word sativa means “things that are cultivated.”

The flowers of Cannabis sativa strains are unisexual and plants are most often either male or female.^[3] It is a short-day flowering plant, with staminate (male) plants usually taller and less robust than pistillate (female or male) plants.^[4] The flowers of the female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. Male plants shed their pollen and die several weeks prior to seed ripening on the female plants. Under typical conditions with a light period of 12 to 14 hours, both sexes are produced in equal numbers because of heritable X and Y chromosomes.^[5] Although genetic factors dispose a plant to become male or female, environmental factors including the diurnal light cycle can alter sexual expression.^[6] Naturally occurring monoecious plants, with both male and female parts, are either sterile or fertile;